Non-nuclear DNA (examples) include

• A. Ribosomes
• B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
• C. Nucleus
• D. Golgi apparatus

Answer: (B)

Non-nuclear DNA refers to genetic material housed in organelles outside the nucleus. The best example is the DNA found in mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are small circular genomes kept inside these organelles. This reflects their bacterial origins through the endosymbiotic process, where ancient bacteria became integrated into early eukaryotic cells and retained their own genomes. Most genes reside in the nucleus, but a subset remains in these organelle genomes to support functions like energy production in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts. The Golgi apparatus does not contain DNA, and ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes, not DNA-containing structures.